Columbus Day is observed annually on the second Monday of October and serves as a federal holiday in the United States to commemorate Christopher Columbus’s landing in the Americas on October 12, 1492. In 2026, Columbus Day will be celebrated on Monday, October 12.
While the day has traditionally been a time to celebrate Italian-American heritage and Columbus’s role in opening the Americas to European exploration, it has become a subject of growing controversy. Many now recognize the profound and often tragic consequences European colonization had for Indigenous peoples, including displacement, cultural erasure, and violence.
As a federal holiday, many government offices, banks, and schools close, and federal employees receive paid time off. State and local observance varies widely, with some continuing traditional celebrations and others adopting alternative holidays to honor Indigenous communities.
The Observance of Columbus Day 2026
United States
In the United States, Columbus Day is observed on the second Monday of October rather than on the exact historical date, October 12. This adjustment was made through the Uniform Monday Holiday Act passed in 1968, which aimed to provide more consistent three-day weekends for workers and students. This shift has helped make the holiday more practical for public observance and travel, allowing families to plan activities and events. The holiday has historically served as an opportunity to celebrate Italian-American contributions to the country, with parades, cultural festivals, and public ceremonies that highlight Italian heritage and pride.
Spain
In Spain, October 12 is celebrated as Fiesta Nacional de España (National Day of Spain). This day marks Columbus’s arrival in the Americas, which is considered a pivotal moment in Spanish history due to its role in expanding Spain’s influence and establishing the Spanish Empire. The holiday is marked with military parades, official ceremonies, and various cultural events that emphasize Spanish national identity and the country’s historical legacy.
Latin American Countries
Many Latin American countries observe the day as Día de la Raza (Day of the Race), Día de la Hispanidad (Day of Hispanic Heritage), or Día de las Culturas (Day of the Cultures). These names reflect nuanced perspectives on Columbus’s legacy, blending recognition of Hispanic cultural heritage with acknowledgment of the complex effects of colonization. For many, the day is an opportunity to celebrate multiculturalism and the blending of Indigenous, European, African, and other cultures in their nations, but it also serves as a reminder of Indigenous struggles and resilience.
The Bahamas
In the Bahamas, Discovery Day is observed on October 12 to commemorate Columbus’s landing on Guanahani (now believed to be one of the Bahamian islands). The holiday celebrates this event as the beginning of the islands’ connection to Europe and the wider world. Festivities often include cultural events, historical reenactments, and community gatherings that emphasize the Bahamas’ unique history.
Belize
Belize marks October 12 as Pan American Day, a holiday that celebrates the rich diversity and shared heritage of the Americas. The day is intended to foster unity and cultural understanding across the continent’s many ethnic groups, reflecting centuries of interaction between Indigenous peoples, European settlers, African descendants, and others. The holiday highlights Belize’s position as a cultural crossroads in the Americas.
Venezuela
In Venezuela, October 12 is recognized as Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance). This holiday shifts the narrative from celebrating Columbus’s arrival to honoring the resilience, resistance, and ongoing struggles of Indigenous peoples against colonization and oppression. It promotes awareness of Indigenous history and culture, emphasizing survival and activism rather than conquest.
Costa Rica
Costa Rica observes Día de las Culturas (Day of the Cultures) on October 12, a celebration of the country’s rich multicultural heritage. This holiday acknowledges the contributions of Indigenous peoples, Europeans, Africans, and Asians who have shaped Costa Rican society. It encourages cultural exchange, respect for diversity, and recognition of the coexistence of different traditions within the country.
Chile
Chile commemorates October 12 as Día del Encuentro de Dos Mundos (Day of the Encounter Between Two Worlds). While not a public holiday, it is widely recognized in educational settings to promote critical reflection on the historic meeting between Indigenous peoples and European explorers. The day is used to foster dialogue about cultural encounters, mutual influence, and the consequences of colonization, aiming to build greater understanding and respect.
States Observing Columbus Day
New York
New York is perhaps most famous for its grand Columbus Day Parade in New York City, one of the largest in the country. The parade showcases Italian-American pride through floats, marching bands, and cultural performances. It also serves as an important social and cultural event for the Italian-American community, celebrating their historical contributions to the city and the nation.
Illinois and Connecticut
These states officially recognize Columbus Day as a state holiday. State offices close, and various parades and events celebrate Italian-American heritage. These observances help maintain cultural traditions and provide communities with opportunities to gather and honor their shared history.
California
California presents a varied picture, with the state government officially recognizing Columbus Day. However, many localities, especially in cities with strong Indigenous or progressive communities, have replaced or supplemented Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples’ Day. This dual observance reflects the state’s diverse population and evolving views on historical commemoration.
Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island
Massachusetts, especially Boston, hosts well-attended Columbus Day parades that emphasize Italian-American culture. New Jersey and Rhode Island also hold events that honor Italian heritage, including community dinners, cultural fairs, and educational programs that explore Italian-American history.
Ohio
Ohio recognizes Columbus Day as a public holiday with state offices typically closed. However, some cities have embraced Indigenous Peoples’ Day alongside or instead of Columbus Day, reflecting a nuanced community response that respects both the holiday’s traditional roots and modern critiques.
States Opting for Alternative Observances
South Dakota
South Dakota observes Native American Day in lieu of Columbus Day, focusing on celebrating the culture, history, and contributions of Native American peoples. This holiday is marked by pow-wows, educational programs, and public ceremonies honoring Indigenous heritage.
Alaska
Alaska officially observes Indigenous Peoples’ Day, recognizing the state’s diverse Native populations and their historical experiences. The holiday emphasizes Indigenous culture, traditions, and sovereignty, often featuring community gatherings and cultural exhibitions.
Vermont and Maine
Both Vermont and Maine have officially replaced Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples’ Day. This change reflects growing public support for recognizing Indigenous perspectives and a commitment to addressing historical injustices in these states.
Oregon
Oregon does not recognize Columbus Day as a public holiday at the state level. Many cities and counties observe Indigenous Peoples’ Day, celebrating Native American history and fostering awareness through educational and cultural events.
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan
These states have officially adopted Indigenous Peoples’ Day in place of Columbus Day. Celebrations include pow-wows, storytelling, art exhibitions, and educational activities that highlight the contributions and resilience of Native American communities.
New Mexico
New Mexico observes Indigenous Peoples’ Day statewide, honoring the state’s rich Native American heritage, including the many pueblos, tribes, and communities that have shaped its history and culture.
Hawaii
Hawaii celebrates Discoverers’ Day instead of Columbus Day, honoring the Polynesian navigators who first settled the islands. This holiday acknowledges the deep history of Indigenous Hawaiian culture and its significance in the broader narrative of exploration and discovery.
Washington
Washington state has declared the second Monday of October as Indigenous Peoples’ Day, promoting recognition of Native American cultures and encouraging educational initiatives to increase understanding of Indigenous histories.
Historical Background
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer sponsored by Spain’s monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. His 1492 voyage sought a westward route to Asia but instead led to his landing in the Caribbean, initiating widespread European exploration of the Americas. While Columbus’s journeys opened new trade routes and initiated a complex era of global interaction, they also marked the beginning of centuries of colonization, exploitation, and profound disruption of Indigenous societies.
Columbus Day was first recognized as a state holiday in Colorado in 1905, largely influenced by Italian-American groups wishing to honor their heritage and contributions to American society. It became a federal holiday in 1937 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, symbolizing national recognition of Columbus’s historical significance. Over time, however, growing awareness of Indigenous perspectives and colonial impacts has led to reevaluations of the holiday.
Celebrations and Observations
In cities with significant Italian-American populations, such as New York, Boston, and San Francisco, Columbus Day is marked by vibrant parades, religious services, and cultural festivals that celebrate Italian cuisine, music, and art. These events foster community pride and cultural continuity, honoring the immigrant experience and Italian-American identity.
In many other parts of the country, especially in states with large Indigenous populations or progressive political climates, Indigenous Peoples’ Day has become the preferred observance. This day serves as an opportunity to highlight Native American history, celebrate Indigenous cultures, and promote education about past injustices and ongoing challenges faced by Native communities. Activities may include pow-wows, traditional dances, public lectures, and youth programs.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): Columbus Day 2026
When is Columbus Day in 2026?
Columbus Day will be observed on Monday, October 12, 2026. It always falls on the second Monday in October, creating a consistent long weekend for many Americans.
Is Columbus Day a federal holiday?
Yes, Columbus Day is a federal holiday. Federal government offices and many banks will close, and federal employees generally receive paid time off. However, states and localities may vary in their observance, with some recognizing Indigenous Peoples’ Day instead.
Why do some states not observe Columbus Day?
The decision not to observe Columbus Day stems from increased recognition of the harmful effects European colonization had on Indigenous peoples. Many states and communities now prefer to honor Native American heritage through Indigenous Peoples’ Day or other similar holidays, which focus on education, reconciliation, and cultural celebration.
What is Indigenous Peoples’ Day, and how is it different?
Indigenous Peoples’ Day is a holiday that celebrates the histories, cultures, and contributions of Native American peoples. Unlike Columbus Day, which centers on European exploration and colonization, Indigenous Peoples’ Day honors Indigenous resilience and aims to raise awareness about the injustices they have endured.
Which states do not recognize Columbus Day?
States including South Dakota, Alaska, Vermont, Maine, Oregon, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New Mexico, Hawaii, and Washington officially observe Indigenous Peoples’ Day or alternative holidays in place of Columbus Day.
Is Columbus Day celebrated outside the United States?
Yes, different countries observe variations of the holiday:
Spain marks it as Fiesta Nacional de España.
Latin American countries celebrate Día de la Raza or Día de la Hispanidad.
The Bahamas observes Discovery Day.
Countries such as Belize, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Chile commemorate the day with meanings often emphasizing Indigenous resistance, cultural diversity, or the encounter of different peoples.
Why is Columbus Day controversial?
The controversy centers on Columbus’s role in initiating European colonization, which brought about widespread Indigenous displacement, exploitation, and death. Many argue that celebrating Columbus overlooks these devastating consequences and perpetuates a Eurocentric narrative of history.
Does Columbus Day create a long weekend in 2026?
Yes. Falling on Monday, October 12, 2026, Columbus Day provides a three-day weekend for many workers and students, aligning with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act’s goal of increasing extended weekends for recreational and economic benefits.
Columbus Day 2026: A Long Weekend Ahead
In 2026, Columbus Day will offer a much-anticipated three-day weekend across many parts of the United States. Federal offices, banks, and many businesses will close in observance of the holiday, while cities and communities may hold parades, cultural events, or educational programs. Whether observed as Columbus Day or Indigenous Peoples’ Day, the day provides a moment to reflect on America’s complex history and diverse cultural heritage.